Estudio en el que se presenta la validación del cuestionario de Satisfacción con el Rol Laboral (SRO), instrumento formado por 5 ítems de respuesta abierta que, mediante un sistema de codificación, se transforman en puntuaciones cuantitativas. El estudio es transversal y la muestra estuvo formada por 2618 hombres y 2600 mujeres con distintos tipos de empleo y edades entre 19 y 60 años, que participaron voluntariamente en el estudio. Se encontró que las respuestas al SRO se estructuraban, en mujeres y hombres, en una sola dimensión cuya consistencia interna fue satisfactoria. En ambos géneros la satisfacción con el rol laboral se asociaba de forma estadísticamente significativa, aunque con un tamaño del efecto moderado o bajo, con mayor satisfacción general con la vida y mayor autoestima, con menor neuroticismo y con menos sintomatología depresiva, de ansiedad, somática y disfunción social. Se concluye que el SRO es un instrumento válido para la evaluación de la satisfacción con el rol laboral de mujeres y hombres.

This study presents the validation of the Work Role Satisfaction Inventory (WRS), an instrument consisting of 5 open-response items whereby qualitative responses are transformed into quantitative scores by means of a coding system. The study is cross-sectional and the sample included 2618 men and 2600 women in different types of employment, ages 19 to 60 years, who voluntarily participated in the study. Results revealed that, in both men and women, the WRS responses conformed a single dimension whose internal consistency was satisfactory. In both genders, work role satisfaction was significantly associated, although with a small to moderate effect size, with higher overall life satisfaction and self-esteem, with less neuroticism and fewer depressive, anxiety and somatic symptoms, and with less social dysfunction as well. We conclude that the WRS is a valid instrument for the evaluation of women’s and men’s satisfaction with their work role.

BACKGROUND: Violence against women is internationally recognized as a social phenomenon representing a public health and a human rights problem. Partner abuse is its most common form and it affects the victim's physical and mental health in the short- and long-term. OBJECTIVE: To analyze partner abuse in women from the general population based on a comparative study with women from Mexico and Spain. Another goal was to study the impact of this type of abuse on women's mental health and the relevance of socio-cultural risk factors. METHOD: Transversal study with 101 Mexican women and 101 Spaniard women from the general population evaluated in seven psychological tests on partner abuse, mental health, self-esteem, social support and attitudes towards gender roles. RESULTS: Most Mexican women and more than half of the Spaniards suffered abuse from their partners. Psychological maltreatment was the most frequent form of abuse. This was associated with worst mental health, less social support and more traditional attitudes towards gender roles. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: The results of this study indicate that partner abuse, especially psychological is a common problem among women from the general population, coinciding with reports related to its prevalence in both countries, and it seems to be influenced by socio-cultural patterns. Partner abuse, especially psychological, is a threat for women's mental health that needs to be attended focusing on the socio-cultural risk factors underlying it.

ANTECEDENTES: La violencia contra las mujeres se reconoce internacionalmente como un fenómeno social que representa un problema de salud pública y de derechos humanos. Su forma más común es la violencia de pareja, que afecta a corto y largo plazos la salud física y mental de las víctimas. OBJETIVO: Analizar el maltrato a la mujer por parte de su pareja en la población general mediante un estudio comparativo de mujeres de México y España. Para ello se estudiaron el impacto en la salud mental y la relevancia de los factores socioculturales en dicha violencia. MÉTODO: Estudio transversal con 101 mujeres mexicanas y 101 españolas de la población general evaluadas mediante siete pruebas psicológicas de maltrato de la pareja, salud mental, autoestima, apoyo social y actitudes hacia los roles de género. RESULTADOS: La mayoría de las mujeres mexicanas y más de la mitad de las españolas sufrían violencia por parte de su pareja; el maltrato psicológico era el tipo de violencia más frecuente. Esto se asociaba con peor salud mental, menor apoyo social y actitudes más tradicionales hacia los roles de género. DISCUSIÓN Y CONCLUSIÓN: Los resultados del presente trabajo indican que la violencia de pareja, sobre todo la psicológica, es un problema común entre las mujeres de la población general, lo que coincide con los informes sobre la prevalencia de la misma en ambos países y parece estar influida por patrones socioculturales. El maltrato por parte de la pareja es una amenaza para la salud mental de las mujeres que requiere de atención poniendo énfasis en los factores socioculturales que la sostienen.

Abstract Densities and refractive index of binay mixtures of water with four protic ionic liquids, based on ammonium and fatty acids, were measured at 298.15 and 323.15 K, under atmospheric pressure. Apparent and excess molar volumes were obtained by experiments and fitting data to the Redlich-Meyer (RM), Redlich-Kister (RK) and Prigogine-Flory-Patterson (PFP) equations. The molar volume values were high, suggesting strong ion-solvent interaction. The same interaction also became stronger as the temperature increased. Excess volume values were negative, indicating that packing efficiency ability or attractive interactions occurred in mixtures of ionic liquid + water. The errors (AARD) for the properties in excess were in the range of 1.8% to 7.2%. The PFP error for the apparent volume was in the range of 0.34% to 0.06%, lower than the RM error for the same property, which was in the range of 0.70 to 1.55%. The Gladstone-Dale model was applied to correlate the refractive index of the binary mixture with the density from the values of both pure components.

Ionic liquids (IL) have been described as novel environmentally benign solvents because of their remarkable characteristics. Numerous applications of these solvents continue to grow at an exponential rate. In this work, high pressure vapor liquid equilibria for 17 different IL + gas binary systems were modeled at different temperatures with Peng-Robinson (PR) and Soave-Redlich-Kwong (SRK) equations of state, combined with the van der Waals mixing rule with two binary interaction parameters (vdW-2). The experimental data were taken from the literature. The optimum binary interaction parameters were estimated by minimization of an objective function based on the average absolute relative deviation of liquid and vapor phases, using the modified Simplex algorithm. The solubilities of all gases studied in this work decrease as the temperature increases and increase with increasing pressure. The correlated results were highly satisfactory, with average absolute relative deviations of 2.10% and 2.25% for PR-vdW-2 and SRK-vdW-2, respectively.

Vapor-liquid equilibrium calculations require global minimization of deviations in pressure and gas phase compositions. In this work, two versions of a stochastic global optimization technique, the genetic algorithm, the freeware MyGA program, and the modified mMyGA program, are evaluated and compared for vapor-liquid equilibrium problems. Reliable experimental data from the literature on vapor liquid equilibrium for water + formic acid, tert-butanol + 1-butanol and water + 1,2-ethanediol systems were correlated using the Wilson equation for activity coefficients, considering acid association in both liquid and vapor phases. The results show that the modified mMyGA is generally more accurate and reliable than the original MyGA. Next, the mMyGA program is applied to the CO2 + ethanol and CO2 + 1-n-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate systems, and the results show a good fit for the data.

Ionic liquids are neoteric, environmentally friendly solvents (since they do not produce emissions) composed of large organic cations and relatively small inorganic anions. They have favorable physical properties, such as negligible volatility and wide range of liquid existence. Moreover, many different cations and anions can be used to synthesize ionic liquid, so the properties can be designed by the use of selected combinations of anions and cations. (Liquid + liquid) equilibrium (LLE) data for systems including ionic liquids, although essential for the design and operation of separation processes, are still scarce. However, some recent studies have presented ternary LLE data involving several ionic liquids and such organic compounds as alkanes, alkenes, alkanols, water, ethers and aromatics. In this work, LLE data for 24 ternary systems including ionic liquids from the literature are correlated by using the NRTL model for the activity coefficient. The results are very satisfactory, with rms deviations of about 1.4%.

Liquid-liquid extraction using aqueous two-phase systems is a highly efficient technique for separation and purification of biomolecules due to the mild properties of both liquid phases. Reliable data on the phase behavior of these systems are essential for the design and operation of new separation processes; several authors reported phase diagrams for polymer-polymer systems, but data on polymer-salt systems are still relatively scarce. In this work, experimental liquid-liquid equilibrium data on water + polyethylene glycol 8000 + magnesium sulfate and water + polyethylene glycol 8000 + sodium sulfate aqueous two-phase systems were obtained at 35°C. Both equilibrium phases were analyzed by lyophilization and ashing. Experimental results were correlated with a mass-fraction-based NRTL activity coefficient model. New interaction parameters were estimated with the Simplex method. The mean deviations between the experimental and calculated compositions in both equilibrium phases is about 2%.

The NRTL (nonrandom, two-liquid) model, expressed in mass fraction instead of mole fraction, was used to correlate liquid-liquid equilibria for aqueous two-phase polymer-salt solutions. New interaction energy parameters for this model were determined using reported data on the water + poly(ethylene glycol) + salt systems, with different molecular masses for PEG and the salts potassium phosphate, sodium sulfate, sodium carbonate and magnesium sulfate. The correlation of liquid-liquid equilibrium is quite satisfactory.

The modified UNIFAC-Dortmund group contribution model is used for the correlation and prediction of salt effects in binary solvent-salt and ternary mixed solvent-salt systems. The long-range electrostatic interaction contribution, usually represented by a Debye-Hückel term, was empirically dropped. Previously published parameters for interactions between solvent groups (CH2, OH, CH3OH, H2O and CH3CO) were used, and group interactions between ions (Li+, Na+, K+, Ca+2, Cl-, Br-, NO3- and ACE-) and between ions and solvent groups have been estimated. The data base includes 29 binary and 56 ternary systems, used in part for the calculation of group interactions and in part for the testing of predictions.

Liquid-liquid equilibrium data for the water/ethanol/1-pentanol/potassium bromide systems were experimentally determined at 25° C and 40ºC. The experimental data were correlated through the NRTL and UNIFAC-Dortmund models for the activity coefficient, with the estimation of new binary interaction parameters for both models, corresponding to the salt-solvent and solvent-solvent interactions for the NRTL model and the ion-ion and solvent-ion interactions for the UNIFAC-Dortmund model. The results obtained have shown that the NRTL model was more able to represent equilibrium data for the studied systems.

A data bank of parameters for two expressions for the temperature-dependence of the attractive coefficient, <FONT FACE="Symbol">a</font> (T), of the Peng-Robinson equation of state was compiled for 468 pure substances of varied polarity. The performances of the two expressions, a two-parameter form by Melhem et al. (1989) and a three-parameter form by Almeida et al. (1991) were compared through the root mean square (rms) and maximum (max) deviations in the prediction of the vapor pressure for these substances. The results show the superiority of the three-parameter form